{"id":679,"date":"2016-02-04T14:15:06","date_gmt":"2016-02-04T13:15:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/?page_id=679"},"modified":"2017-10-19T11:07:56","modified_gmt":"2017-10-19T09:07:56","slug":"the-art-of-song-writing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"The Art of Song Writing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>CONTENTS<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Part 1 ;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-phrasing\/\">The Art of Phrasing<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Part 2 ;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-making-sense\/\">The Art of Making Sense<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Part 3 ; The Art of Song Writing<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/a-bone-chilling-tale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a bone chilling tale<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/murder-by-suicide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">murder by suicide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/a-fate-worse-than-death\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fate worse than death<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/the-german-style-of-comedy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the german style of comedy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/classical-tragedy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">classical tragedy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Part 4 ; The Art of Reading Attentively<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Due to a barrage of spam, the comment option had to be disabled.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Serious reply\u2019s will be copied to this page from the link below<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"mailto:playfulartofpoetry-comments@ziggo.nl\">enter a comment<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Untill Death Us Do Part<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">or :\u00a0<i>the art of song writing<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 180px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Heart, we will forget him,<br \/>\nYou and I, tonight!<br \/>\nYou must forget the warmth he gave,<br \/>\nI will forget the light. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 180px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">When you have done pray tell me,<br \/>\nThen I, my thoughts, will dim.<br \/>\nHaste! \u2018lest while you\u2019re lagging<br \/>\nI may remember him!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 300px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #333333;\"><i>Emily Dickinson<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><b>a bone chilling tale<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In \u2018A narrow Fellow\u2019 looms a potentially deadly hazard, that tightens the breath of the narrator. Not to mention the \u2018zero at the bone\u2019. The image of death as it rose from the dotted lines on \u2018Let down the bars\u2019, must have that same effect to be in line with my interpretation. If not, at least one of us has it all wrong. But don\u2019t worry, for the moment there is no need to reconsider findings that are out of this line. This because my interpretation is only reliable if and when another explorer arrives independently at the same point of view. With the emphasis on independently. In case you have followed the marked discovery route, the resulting consensus is in terms of science therefore not as convincing as it should be.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Meanwhile, there is no harm in putting your account of the story, whether it tightens the breath or not, to the test. To which purpose we have an excellent touchstone in the culmination of metaphors at the entrance to the discovery route :<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #333333;\">if \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the unilateral lover<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nand \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>= \u00a0\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the \u2018Oh\u2019 in \u2018love\u2019<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nthen \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">worse than Death<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This sample of logic is the keystone of my interpretation. Refute it, and my interpretation is refuted. Yet, the only way to refute logic, is by better logic. If your gut feeling tells you to refute, then go with it &#8211; intuition is even in science a better guide than reason &#8211; but its reliability has at every point to be confirmed by hard evidence. Which in this case comes down on proving either that Death goes in this poem for mutual consent, or that Dickinson\u2019s choice for \u2018Oh\u2019 instead of \u2018O\u2019 is not intended to turn Death into &#8216;Oh&#8217;s standard metaphor. You are welcome to place your well founded<span style=\"color: #333333;\">\u00a0refutation on this page.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The first option seems unlikely, but proving the text consistent with a suicidal mood will be\u00a0sufficient to do the trick. The second option needs to prove Dickinson clumsy in a punctuation\u00a0that fits seamlessly in with a deliberate choice for \u2018Oh\u2019 instead of \u2018O\u2019. And that in more than one\u00a0way. If this approach does not lead to a result that agrees with your intuition, there is always\u00a0the possibility to declare both presumptions (the \u2018if\u2019 &amp; \u2018and\u2019) correct, but the conclusion\u00a0wrong. In which case you have to explain what makes the \u2018Oh\u2019 in unilateral love at least as good\u00a0as the \u2018Oh\u2019 of mutual consent. Only if logic is to fail you on all three counts, there will be\u00a0nothing for it but to accept the touchstone as reliable. Whether your intuition likes it or not.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When reliable, this touchstone leads to a simple, single, and unquestionably correct interpretation of \u2018Let down the bars\u2019. If it doesn\u2019t, your interpretation may deviate in some major respect from mine, as presented in the discovery route, without failing the test. In which case the proper procedure is to report the failure to have occurred, and on which line(s). In order not to spoil the experiment, or Dickinson\u2019s poetry, this page will respond in general terms only. Allowing the deviation to prove itself by being repeated independently.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As long as this touchstone remains unchallenged, Literature Studies is in serious trouble. A simple, single, and unquestionably correct interpretation of even one isolated piece of poetry, is, after all, enough to prove all its methods and traditions of literary criticism good for the paper bin. And why being satisfied with just one isolated sample of poetry, if this touchstone can be applied on any poem with the word \u2018death\u2019 in it?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"text-align: justify; color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>murder by suicide<\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dido\u2019s Lament by Nahum Tate (1652 &#8211; 1715) makes no exception. If only to produce the negative test result on metaphorical death that the context of the libretto for Purcell\u2019s opera Dido &amp; Aeneas predicts. But\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=522&amp;v=NjJlG2FvCaU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this lament<\/a>\u00a0appears to be surprisingly suggestive for a straightforward suicide note :<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em><b>Dido<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Thy hand Belinda, darkness shades me,<br \/>\nOn thy Bosom let me rest,<br \/>\nMore I would but Death invades me.<br \/>\nDeath is now a Welcome Guest,<br \/>\nWhen I am laid in Earth, may my Wrongs create<br \/>\nNo trouble in thy Breast.<br \/>\nRemember me, but ah! forget my Fate.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em><b>Chorus \u00a0<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">With drooping Wings ye Cupids come,<br \/>\nAnd scatter Roses on her Tomb.<br \/>\nSoft and Gentle as her Heart,<br \/>\nKeep here your Watch and never part.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 240px;\">Cupids Dance.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The \u2018Oh\u2019 that stands for metaphorical death may not be there, the \u2018Ah\u2019 in its stead cannot be told apart by its expression in Purcell\u2019s music (\u2018Oh\u2019 is melismatic by nature). And the metaphor of the Last Lover is evidently strong enough to charge Dido\u2019s parting from Belinda with suggestion. The more because the dance of the cupids was to all likelihood performed by pupils of the girl\u2019s school that hosted the opera\u2019s original production. This while the roses that these cupids are scattering around can be seen as powerful symbols of metaphorical death. In such a setting Dido\u2019s lament makes a worthy expression of a young lover\u2019s death wish. At least as far as the original audience was concerned : unnatural rather than unilateral. One should almost forget that Dido kills herself because her heart is broken by Aeneas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Having escaped the burning ruins of Troy, this hero is to become a founding father of the Roman empire, and Carthage is to him just a temporary place of refuge. <span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Even if he needs Dido&#8217;s enemies to remind him of his destiny.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Come away, fellow sailors, your anchors be weighing.<br \/>\nTime and tide will admit no delaying.<br \/>\nTake a bouzy short leave of your nymphs on the shore,<br \/>\nAnd silence their mourning<br \/>\nWith vows of returning<br \/>\nBut never intending to visit them more.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 210px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Act Three ; scene one<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The massacre he survived, interestingly, was triggered by a certain Paris, who eloped with another man\u2019s wedded wife. And Nahum Tate therefore knew exactly what he was doing, when he referred to the final scene of Shakespeare\u2019s<em>\u00a0Romeo &amp; Juliet.<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In the famous tragedy\u2019s original 1594 production (faithfully copied\u00a0by the\u00a0&#8216;corrupt&#8217; Q1-edition), the flowers were\u00a0apparently strewn by a boy soprano. This \u2018cupid\u2019 probably was thirteen year old Thomas Belte.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 150px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Klaas Alberts :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/willsdrawingboard.123website.nl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Original Romeo &amp; Juliet<\/a>\u00a0 a\u00a0reconstruction of the play&#8217;s first night<\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Once again logic arrives at a simple, single, and irrefutably correct interpretation of a piece of poetry. Even if the touchstone proves its message slightly different from the one of\u00a0<i>Let down the Bars<\/i>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #333333;\">if \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">better than \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the unilateral lover<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nand \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>= \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the \u2018Oh\u2019 in \u2018love\u2019<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nthen \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">\u00a0still \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">worse than Death<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cutting short some increasingly intimate touches, the Last Lover appears, as far as the original audience was concerned, just in time to save Dido &#8211; or rather Belinda &#8211; from worse. Which softens the impact of her fate with the notion that even the darkest cloud has a silver lining. But dark clouds only feature in a tragedy, and under the fair blue sky of comedy fate can be merciless.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>a\u00a0fate worse than death<\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Next song from Shakespeare\u2019s\u00a0<i>Twelfth-Night<\/i>\u00a0is introduced as a traditional. To\u00a0be sung by women at their daily labour when the weather is bright. Three of\u00a0these working women, however, can scare the living daylight out of even Zeus\u00a0himself. These are the\u00a0<i>Moirai<\/i>, or \u2018spinsters\u2019.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Moirai is the plural of Moira, the Trinity Goddess of Destiny<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Klotho first the work begins,<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Lachesis ever further spins,<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Cuts Atropos the thread at last,<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Your days, o mortal man, have passed.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">translated from Gustav Schwab :\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Die Sch\u00f6nsten Sagen des Klassischen Altertums &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The Finest Sagas of the Classical Age<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">And when they dally with \u2018the\u00a0innocence of love\u2019, their song is bound to make real death look like a picnic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span>\u00a0<strong>Duke<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0: O fellow come, the song we had last night:<br \/>\nMarke it Cesario, it is old and plaine;<br \/>\nThe Spinsters and the Knitters in the Sun,<br \/>\nAnd the free maides that weaue their thred with bones,<br \/>\nDo vse to chaunt it: it is silly sooth,<br \/>\nAnd dallies with the innocence of loue,<br \/>\nLike the old age.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span>\u00a0<strong>Clowne<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 : Are you ready Sir?<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span>\u00a0<strong>Duke<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0:\u00a0I prethee sing. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In the oldest Greek mythology Moira is also known as Aphrodite.<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 270px;\"><i>Musicke.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 270px;\"><i>The Song.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Come away, come away death,<br \/>\nAnd in sad cypresse let me be laide.<br \/>\nFye away, fie away breath,<br \/>\nI am slaine by a faire cruell maide:<br \/>\nMy shrowd of white, stuck all with Ew, O prepare it.<br \/>\nMy part of death no one so true did share it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Not a flower, not a flower sweete<br \/>\nOn my blacke coffin, let there be strewne:<br \/>\nNot a friend, not a friend greet<br \/>\nMy poore corpes, where my bones shall be throwne:<br \/>\nA thousand thousand sighes to saue, lay me \u00f4 where<br \/>\nSad true louer neuer find my graue, to weepe there.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In modernized spelling the third line, as a rule, is corrected to \u2018fly away breath\u2019. Which makes the line a sort of repetition of\u00a0\u2018come away death\u2019. Just like the third line in the second stanza is a sort of repetion of its first\u00a0one. Yet, \u2018fie\u2019 allows the use of \u2018breath\u2019 in its ancient meaning of \u2018scent\u2019 or \u2018smell\u2019. And that\u00a0possibility alone is all the reaon one needs to dismiss the editor\u2019s interference as an improvement that\u00a0may have deleted the underlying message.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">This song is in outlines\u00a0Dido\u2019s Lament all over again. And the &#8216;if&#8217; is accounted for. These outlines, however, justify a little adjustment to the touchstone.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #333333;\">if \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">\u00a0(better than) \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the unilateral lover<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nand \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>= \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">the \u2018Oh\u2019 in \u2018love\u2019<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nthen \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Death<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0= \u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #333333;\">(still) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">worse than Death<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At this occasion Death comes too late to the rescue. If he comes at all. Which\u00a0makes the opening identical to\u00a0<i>Let down the Bars.<\/i>\u00a0An observation that cannot\u00a0fail to suggest a very similar story. And because of that story&#8217;s particular effect on its audience, a sharp listener may have heard the Duke to\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">introduce this song as &#8216;a chilly truth&#8217;.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Be aware of the danger of interpreting the song with a biassed mind. The bias itself seems\u00a0reliable enough, but that is always the problem with a bias.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The \u2018and\u2019 is not exactly in line, because the 1623 First Folio does not provide\u00a0an \u2018Oh\u2019. Judged by context, the \u2018O\u2019 in the song\u2019s fifth line might be one, but one\u00a0better resists the temptation to correct accordingly, because it is the sole piece of evidence that the \u2018\u00f4\u2019 in line eleven should not sound like a regular \u2018O\u2019.\u00a0And that is the one that comes with \u2018a thousand sighes\u2019. It also is\u00a0the one that is misplaced at the cost of its functionality : it should be moved\u00a0forward by two positions if it is supposed to serve any linguistic purpose. And\u00a0with three old spinsters prepared to vouch for the \u2018than\u2019, the touchstone\u00a0seems once more the proper device to narrow the range of possible\u00a0interpretations down to one. But, with the \u2018and\u2019 open to question, arguments to\u00a0the contrary are welcome as comments on this page.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The same for reports of malfunction : the touchstone is designed to rule out\u00a0far-fetched and complicated interpretations. If it fails to do a proper job, it is\u00a0not suited for this particular song.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When accepted as useful, the touchstone is rather suggestive on words like \u2018cypresse\u2019, \u2018greet\u2019 and \u2018shrowd of white\u2019 when looking for substitutes. And be aware of the song\u2019s context as well. When it comes to interpretation, the comedy that surrounds it can be expected to be as good a guide as the touchstone. The song\u2019s introduction does in any case not quite agree with regarding it as a mere interlude :\u00a0<em>Twelfth-Night<\/em>\u00a0is one great dalliance with the innocence of love.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The standard Shakespearean comedy is ruled by Aphrodite. But in\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Twelfth-Night<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0she habitually\u00a0casts a shadow on the various love affairs that is shaped like Moira. The sudden urge of the Duke\u00a0to kill Cesario in scene 5 ; 1 is just the tip of that icebergh : the play hides an equally strong motive\u00a0for the Duke to lash out at Cesario\u2019s predecessor in his favour (last seen alive in scene 1 ; 4).\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alongside the exercise of reading attentively, the second method of interpretation, my old school\u2019s \u2018text explanation\u2019, is useful as well. Finding the correct answers is usually not much of a problem, but finding the right questions is the real name of the game. The first one that springs to mind concerns the narrator : male or female?<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">answer :\u00a0&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The song is introduced by a Duke who identifies himself with the narrator. This because he is love-sick, and love poetry habitually defines the cruel lady as the cause of his malady. And of the suicidal mood that comes with unanswered love. He should have known better : Shakespeare deals in his \u2018sugared\u2019 sonnets with a lady whose proves most cruel in denying the narrator her favours after a first amazing night.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">A cruelty that casts its shadow on the occasional play as well. As if reflecting Shakespeare\u2019s personal experience with married life:\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Hamlet \u00a0 \u00a0: I&#8217;st a prologue, or a poesie for a ring?<br \/>\nOphelia \u00a0 : T&#8217;is short my Lord.<br \/>\nHamlet \u00a0 \u00a0: As womens loue.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Apart from that mistake, the Duke\u00a0identifies himself with a lament that he explicitly mentions to be a woman\u2019s\u00a0song.\u00a0Its hired performer, however, is supposed to be a baritone. And this singer is with\u00a0certainty a professional jester. In which capacity he makes his money by\u00a0showing his audience a mirror. Because Cesario, the Duke\u2019s companion, has as \u00a0little reason to identify himself with the narrator as the Duke himself, the\u00a0mirror must be showing them the future. The next question therefore is :\u00a0whose future?<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">answer :\u00a0&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Both the Duke and Cesario will be engaged before the play is over, the mirror can therefore show either of them during the first wedded night. It also can show both of them in equal circumstances. Either as the narrator, or as seen from the narrator\u2019s point of view. And it evidently is a future of unilateral love. Which may be a seamless fit with the Dickinson poem, but not with the setting of two lovers at their first wedded night. The mirror therefore shows a very strange future indeed. Strange enough even to dismiss it as impossible. But sometimes not even the strangest of foretellings is as strange as reality. And many a riddle concerning Shakespeare\u2019s marriage would dissolve at the instant if this mirror actually shows its first night through the eyes of Anne Hathaway. Or even through Shakespeare\u2019s own, in case the \u2018Annam Whateley of Grafton\u2019 who he was licenced to marry on 27 November 1682, is not the \u2018Anne Hathwey of Stratford\u2019 who he was legally bound to marry on the 28th<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The names on the marriage licence from the 27th. seems to have been mixed up with that of a\u00a0certain William Whateley of Crowle. Who features on a legal deed from the same day, and from\u00a0the same clerk\u2019s hand. The licence itself was for a marriage by a couple from Stratford at the\u00a0parish church of Temple Grafton.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Ian Wilson :\u00a0<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Shakespeare &#8211; the Evidence<\/span><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0\u00a0 pp. 56 &#8211; 57<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The jester\u00a0therefore knows his business, and the third question must be : whose point of\u00a0view does he represent?<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">answer :\u00a0&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Unless it answers both the opening questions correctly, your interpretation of the song is bound to be troubled with inconsistencies. The moment everything falls into place, however, the third answer can be trusted to come up even before asking the question. A convicing indication of being correct. But the real proof is in the context : your interpretation must be in line with the story that leads up to the mirror\u2019s future. This may establish a serious problem, because\u00a0<em>Twelfth-Nigh<\/em>t has no story-line that covers the narrator\u2019s dealings with a cruel lady. Not at its surface at least, where the fair lady is cruel by keeping her distance. In the case of Cesario and the Duke the play even rules those dealings out. And the same for their respective lovers. This, however, makes the song inconsistent with the context in which it is performed, and can\u2019t be true. The final question therefore is : what does the play hide from view, that allows to identify either of them with the song ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quite a lot, actually. And most of it is hiding in plain sight. Which, by the way,\u00a0makes it rather difficult to spot.\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">As Death demonstrates in his habit of\u00a0being too close to be noticed. But seek and you will find. And in case you won\u2019t,\u00a0there is always the the option to place a comment to refute a seemingly unfounded claim.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Guided by Shakespeare&#8217;s intentions with the play, it was evident \u00a0for me where to look, and what to look for. But still ; at the first go, nothing. At\u00a0the second go faint outlines only. And from the third go omward I couldn\u2019t understand how on\u00a0earth I had been that blind. The murder of Cesario&#8217;s predecessor as the Duke&#8217;s go-between, by the way, took me a plenty a year more to notice. Its trace is faint, and has been deleted from many a modern edition anyway.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>the german style of comedy<\/b><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From an invisible murder to an invisible murderer is just a step. One that brings\u00a0us to the moonlit countryside of Thuringia. Or more precise ; to the park of\u00a0Tiefurt Palace at Weimar. There to hear star singer Corona Schr\u00f6ter,\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">under the alders (Erlen) along the river Ilm,\u00a0<\/span>in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tiR9WxWbXWA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nightly prelude<\/a>\u00a0to her 1782 semi-opera\u00a0<i>Die Fischerin<\/i>\u00a0(The Fisherwoman):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Wer reit(e)t so sp\u00e4t durch Nacht und Wind?<br \/>\nEs ist der Vater mit seinem Kind.<br \/>\nEr hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm,<br \/>\nEr fa\u00dft ihn sicher, er h\u00e4lt ihn warm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht? \u2014\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Siehst Vater, du den Erlk\u00f6nig nicht!<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Den Erlenk\u00f6nig mit Kron\u2019 und Schweif? \u2014<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif. \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u201eDu liebes Kind, komm geh\u2019 mit mir!<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Gar sch\u00f6ne Spiele, spiel ich mit dir,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Manch bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand,<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Meine Mutter hat manch g\u00fclden Gewand.\u201c \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Mein Vater, mein Vater, und h\u00f6rest du nicht,<br \/>\nWas Erlenk\u00f6nig mir leis(e) verspricht? \u2014<br \/>\nSei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind,<br \/>\nIn d\u00fcrren Bl\u00e4ttern s\u00e4uselt der Wind. \u2014<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u201eWillst feiner Knabe du mit mir gehn?\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Meine T\u00f6chter soll(e)n dich warten sch\u00f6n,<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Meine T\u00f6chter f\u00fchren den n\u00e4chtlichen Reihn\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein.\u201c \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Erlk\u00f6nigs T\u00f6chter am d\u00fcster(e)n Ort? \u2014<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh\u2019 es genau:<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau. \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 150px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u201eIch liebe dich, mich reizt dein(e) sch\u00f6n(e) Gestalt,<br \/>\nUnd bist du nicht willig, so brauch ich Gewalt!\u201c \u2014<br \/>\nMein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fa\u00dft er mich an,<br \/>\nErlk\u00f6nig hat mir ein Leids getan. \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 150px;\">Dem Vater<span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span>grauset\u2019s, er reitet geschwind,<br \/>\nEr h\u00e4lt in den Armen das \u00e4chzend(e) Kind,<br \/>\nErreicht den Hof mit M\u00fch(e) und Not,<br \/>\nIn seinen Armen das Kind war tot.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 240px;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 &#8211; 1832)<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">after\u00a0<em>\u2018Erlk\u00f6nigs Tochter\u2019<\/em>\u00a0by Johann Gottfried von Herder<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thirty-two lines (the age of Goethe at the date of first performance) of word substitution to go.\u00a0And this time there is no getting\u00a0around. Unless you can read German, of course. Or find the translation in\u00a0Wikipedia. But one better sticks to the basics, assisted by the guidance of this\u00a0short synopsis :<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>At a late hour the father rides through the dark with his son in his\u00a0protecting arm. He asks the boy why he covers his face in such fear. \u201cBut\u00a0father, don\u2019t you see the Elf King?\u201d The father explains the appearance away\u00a0as a wisp of fog. He then dismisses the voice that whispers in the boy\u2019s ear as\u00a0the gale playing with the fallen leaves. And when the son points at the dance of\u00a0the elf\u2019s daughters, the father assures him that a line of willows moving in the\u00a0wind makes the same impression. At that very moment, aroused by the boy\u2019s beauty,\u00a0the elf makes his move, and his target suffers some short-lived agony.\u00a0Horrified, the father rides on, now holding his moaning son with both arms. But\u00a0when he arrives at his destination, it is for the boy too late.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This summary covers all the recorded facts. Facts that allow to define the\u00a0son\u2019s age, as Goethe had it in mind, with pinpoint precision. But everything else\u00a0is conjecture : the ballad perhaps suggests, but never confirms the boy to\u00a0suffer a dangerously high running fever. Or the hallucinations that go with it.\u00a0Whence father and son come, or where they go, is anybody\u2019s guess (\u2018Hof\u2019\u00a0leaves several options open), while the galloping horse is only present in the\u00a0mind of the reader. And, of course, in the song\u2019s piano accompaniment by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JS91p-vmSf0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Franz Schubert<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Having sung this overture on a more airily tune of her own, young miss\u00a0Schr\u00f6ter introduces herself as Dorchen, a fisherman\u2019s daughter who suffers\u00a0as much from lack of manly appreciation as that boy had suffered from\u00a0excess.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Corona Schr\u00f6ter set the words, under Goethe\u2019s direct supervision, on music in the simple\u00a0pattern of a traditional ballad. This evidence of his artistic preference may explain why Goethe\u00a0returned, without comment, the dedication copy of Schubert\u2019s masterpiece to sender. And why\u00a0Carl Loewe\u2019s attempt to perform\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4evXatdMuEY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">his version<\/a>\u00a0in Goethe\u2019s presence got nowhere : these were\u00a0songs rather than ballads.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Life, apparently, isn\u2019t fair. And to do something about it, she is now\u00a0setting the stage for her death. Not for real, of course, but convincingly\u00a0enough to make her father and her boyfriend search for her corpse : that will\u00a0teach them (it is a comedy). And they will both pay her due attention when she\u00a0has turned up again.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If this is a context to go by, it is evident what attentive reading (i.e. careful\u00a0word substitution) is going to reveal. The question that matters therefore\u00a0is : are there any \u2018Oh\u2019s?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>classical tragedy\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While you check Goethe\u2019s\u00a0<i>Erlk\u00f6nig<\/i>\u00a0for clues, there are some points of interest\u00a0to discuss. The first is the presence of an external narrator. A woman who\u00a0tells a story in which she is not personally involved. And that in consequence is\u00a0told from an outsider\u2019s point of view. We haven\u2019t seen that before. And\u00a0because a poem in this class does not contain a syllable more than necessary,\u00a0her two stanzas make her a vital part of her own words.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The more because Dorchen leaves seven syllables out, that feature in the 1815 Schubert song, which took its text from the newly published Goethe-edition. This difference accounts for seven of eight &#8216;e&#8217;s between brackets. The one from the printed editions that is ignored by both Schr\u00f6ter and Schubert, is the one in &#8216;d\u00fcster(e) Ort&#8217;. This one happens to devide the text roughly on its golden section in both numbers of words (&#8216;Vater&#8217;) and numbers of lines (&#8216;wiegen und tanzen&#8217;). This golden section line is placed exactly on the golden section of the eight deleted &#8216;e&#8217;s. And if deleted itself, it rather amazingly places &#8216;Vater&#8217; on the golden section between soll(en) and <\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">d\u00fcster(en) as well. From which follows that the actual golden section of this sequence is on &#8216;singen&#8217;.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Which makes sense in a ballad.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We therefore have to take into account that Dorchen lives in a society where elves are as real as country life. As a result her opening line is not quite the neutral observation that it seems to be : what fool dares to brave the wild by night? A question of which the immediate answer spells disaster even before the story gets on its way : if the realm of elves is by night no place for adults, it is certainly no place for children. The second couplet of the opening stanza indeed points at some clear and present danger. As it should, because the night is a metaphor of death. Late autumn is another strong metaphor along the same line, because it announces the end to be near. A message that Goethe\u2019s ballad audibly communicates in the gale induced whispers of fallen leaves. Meaning that the son\u2019s fate is sealed by the time Dorchen has got halfway her narrative.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unavoidable fate is a basic feature of classical tragedy.\u00a0And when combined with dialogue, classical tragedy<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u00a0is staged as classical drama.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Classical tragedy traditionally is a story of a hero (or heroine) who experiences a reversal of fortune set in motion by the gods\u00a0as a result of hubris.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We\u00a0therefore check for the three unities, while checking for hero,\u00a0<i>hubris,<\/i>\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">and\u00a0the hero\u2019s classification.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Hubris is excess of self-esteem. Pride in most cases, but this time self-confidence is more likely.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Icarus class \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 : the hero(ine) whose hubris brings him-\/herself down .\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Daedalus class \u00a0 : the hero(ine) whose hubris brings somebody else down.<\/span>\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And in consequence decide that this ballad has by definition to end\u00a0with a non-metaphorical demise. This, of course, does not allow the presence of\u00a0\u2018Oh\u2019s, but, on the other hand, the presence of supernatural beings is now\u00a0recognized as obligate to provide for some punishing force to bring death. And when night\u00a0and nature conspire to lay the boy low together, night\u2019s and nature\u2019s hidden\u00a0people (i.e. elves) have their part to play. The boy therefore can\u2019t be\u00a0hallucinating. In consequence the ballad has to rule out that he does, if only to\u00a0tell a consistent story. When it comes to that, Goethe is a craftsman who may\u00a0cleverly suggest a fever in order to keep things ambiguous, but who never uses\u00a0this fever to explain the Appearance away. Rather to the contrary, as those\u00a0amongst you who did not skip the basic word substitution, must have noticed.\u00a0Like you must have noticed the perfect playing with rhythm, and the equally\u00a0perfect positioning of dialogue lines.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">No, this does not mean that the rhythm itself is perfect. The setting by Loewe, for instance, moves at one point audibly out of step. And in order to preserve balance Dorchen has to adjust :<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ffff00;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Der<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Vater dem\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">grauset\u2019s, er reitet geschwind,<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"Apple-style-span\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Er h\u00e4lt in den Armen das \u00e4chzend&#8217; Kind.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Confronted with the same problem, Schubert corrects Goethe&#8217;s slip-up by a later, and better considered, reaction :<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><em><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Dem Vater<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">\u00a0<\/span>grauset\u2019s, er reitet geschwind,<br \/>\nEr h\u00e4lt in\u00a0Armen das \u00e4chzende Kind.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If\u00a0you have noticed the anomaly as\u00a0well, you even may decide that the ballad\u2019s context as a prelude to Dorchen&#8217;s scheme proves significant after all. And elves are indeed rather ambiguous in the threat they constitute to mortals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thanks to Goethe&#8217;s clever wordplay, the ballad apparently features a boy who is not exactly in danger of life. Yet,\u00a0the same boy falls at the same time victim to a classical tragedy. Which\u00a0definitely rules out physical survival. The result of this survey may therefore be perceived as somewhat confusing. Yet, this is what an author\u00a0refers to when talking about \u2018writing in layers\u2019 : the art of telling different\u00a0stories by a single text. We already have noticed the feature in\u00a0<i>Come away,<\/i>\u00a0<i>Death<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Let down the Bars.<\/i>\u00a0 Which makes a score of three out of four poems\u00a0that are linked by the word \u2018death\u2019. When it comes to writing in layers, this\u00a0looks like a random selection. And seems to indicate a fairly common practise. The more because\u00a0<span class=\"Apple-style-span\">Dido&#8217;s lament, as the exception,<\/span>\u00a0is rather suggestive as well on the exact nature of her dying scene. At which observation the five discussed samples of poetry have prepared you\u00a0sufficiently to deal with the nemesis of literary criticism :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-reading-attentively\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>the turn of the screw<\/b><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Due to a barrage of spam, the comment option had to be disabled.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Serious reply\u2019s will be copied to this page from the link below<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"mailto:playfulartofpoetry-comments@ziggo.nl\">enter a comment<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CONTENTS Part 1 ;\u00a0The Art of Phrasing\u00a0 Part 2 ;\u00a0The Art of Making Sense Part 3 ; The Art of Song Writing a bone chilling tale murder by suicide a fate worse than death the german style of comedy classical &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/the-art-of-understanding\/the-art-of-song-writing\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":544,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/679"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=679"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/679\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1701,"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/679\/revisions\/1701"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elizabethanpartsongs.nl\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=679"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}